Quote Investigator® – Tracing Quotations

Quote Origin: Never Underestimate the Power of Stupid People in Large Groups

George Carlin? Elsie Robinson? Eddie Schwartz? Jan M. Carroll? Gordie Spear? Anonymous?

Group of silhouettes representing a crowd from Pixabay

Question for Quote Investigator: When foolish people group together the results are often terrible. Here are two versions of a cautionary adage:

(1) Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups.
(2) Never underestimate the power of stupid people in a large group.

This saying has been credited to U.S. comedian George Carlin, but I have not seen a solid citation, and I am skeptical of this attribution. Would you please explore this topic?

Reply from Quote Investigator: There is no substantive evidence that George Carlin wrote or spoke this statement. Carlin received credit in 2000, but the saying entered circulation decades earlier.

QI believes that the statement evolved over time. In 1930 the widely syndicated columnist by Elsie Robinson published the following partially matching statement with flawed grammar. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:¹

Don’t underrate “single track minds.” Don’t underestimate the power of stupid, stubborn people with one idea can-and often does-put it all over a brilliant citizen with a million.

On April 28, 1959 a full match appeared in a column published in the “Minneapolis Morning Tribune” of Minnesota:²

Day Brightener: Eddie Schwartz is distributing cards bearing this motto: Never Underestimate the Power of Stupid People in Large Groups.

The fact that the saying was on a card indicated that the originator was anonymous. Two days later the saying appeared in a column by Gordie Spear in a Miles City, Montana newspaper:³

In closing, let me remind you—Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Quote Origin: AI Researchers Are Trying To Reach the Moon by Climbing the Tallest Trees

Hubert Dreyfus? Stuart Dreyfus? Gary Marcus? Dave Akin? Ernest Davis? Aesop?

Picture of a full moon between tree branches from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have been remarkable, but detractors contend that current approaches are inadequate and progress will soon reach a plateau.

Critics of AI research have used the following vivid analogy: You cannot reach the moon by climbing a tall tree or a ladder. This type of criticism has been attributed to the philosopher Hubert Dreyfus and the cognitive scientist Gary Marcus, but I do not know the precise phrasing, and I do not have a citation. Would you please help?

Reply from Quote Investigator: In 1965 Hubert Dreyfus published a sharply critical report titled “Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence” for the RAND Corporation, a prominent think tank. Dreyfus asserted that human-level intelligence required properties such as “fringe consciousness” and “ambiguity tolerance” which could not be implemented with digital computers.

Hence, Dreyfus insisted that AI researchers using digital computers would fail in their attempt to build systems displaying human-level intelligence. Dreyfus used two striking analogies to illustrate the pointlessness of these efforts. Boldface added to excepts by QI:¹

An alchemist would surely have considered it rather pessimistic and petty to insist that, since the creation of quicksilver, he had produced many beautifully colored solutions but not a speck of gold; he would probably have considered such a critic extremely unfair. Similarly, the person who is hypnotized by the moon and is inching up those last branches toward the top of the tree would consider it reactionary of someone to shake the tree and yell, “Come down!”

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Prediction About AI Systems: The Range of Problems They Can Handle Will Be Coextensive With the Range To Which the Human Mind Has Been Applied

Herbert A. Simon? Allen Newell? Apocryphal?

Question for Quote Investigator: In the 1950s a pair of prominent researchers made several provocative predictions about artificial intelligence. The researchers believed that a computer program would become the world chess champion within a decade. They also believed that most psychological theories in the future would take the form of computer programs.

Today, achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the controversial goal of trillion dollar companies. The 1950s researchers envisioned AI systems whose ability to handle problems was “coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied”.

Would you please help me identify the researchers and determine the precise predictions?

Reply from Quote Investigator: Herbert A. Simon, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978, delivered a speech in 1957 at a meeting of the Operations Research Society of America. Simon’s address was based on a paper that he co-authored with computer scientist Allen Newell and published in 1958. The paper included the following four predictions:¹

1. That within ten years a digital computer will be the world’s chess champion, unless the rules bar it from competition.

2. That within ten years a digital computer will discover and prove an important new mathematical theorem.

3. That within ten years a digital computer will write music that will be accepted by critics as possessing considerable aesthetic value.

4. That within ten years most theories in psychology will take the form of computer programs, or of qualitative statements about the characteristics of computer programs.

Simon and Newell also made a more general prediction in their 1958 article. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:

. . . there are now in the world machines that think, that learn, and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until—in a visible future—the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied.

Regarding the first prediction, a computer did not beat the world chess champion in 1958; however, in 1997 the Deep Blue chess computer did beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match.²

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Quote Origin: I Admire and Crave Competence In Any Field From Adultery to Zoology

H. L. Mencken? Alistair Cooke? Apocryphal?

**Picture of wood type used in letterpress printing from Unsplash**

Question for Quote Investigator: A prominent journalist once celebrated the display of competence in any discipline from A to Z by saying something like the following:

I admire and crave competence, just simple competence, in any field from adultery to zoology.

The statement has been attributed to the famous curmudgeon H. L. Mencken, but I have been unable to find a citation. Would you please explore this topic?

Reply from Quote Investigator: H. L. Mencken did communicate this notion within the preface to his 1943 book titled “Heathen Days 1890-1936”. He used the distinctive phrase “from adultery to zoology”. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:¹

Indeed, I simply can’t imagine competence as anything save admirable, for it is very rare in this world, and especially in this great Republic, and those who have it in some measure, in any art or craft from adultery to zoology, are the only human beings I can think of who will be worth the oil it will take to fry them in Hell.

The concise version of this statement appeared in the 1999 citation presented further below. Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Quote Origin: Behave Like a Duck, Stay Calm On the Surface But Paddle Like Crazy Underneath

Michael Caine? Raymond Clapper? Stephen Tallents? Bing Crosby? Japanese Saying? Anonymous?

Picture of a duck paddling from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: The following memorable advice uses a vivid simile:

Behave like a duck—keep calm and serene on the surface but paddle like crazy underneath.

British actor Michael Caine has received credit for this saying. Would you please explore the provenance of this clever figurative language?

Reply from Quote Investigator: This engaging simile is difficult to trace because it can be expressed in many ways. Michael Caine has used it, but he did not create it. The earliest match located by QI appeared in November 1934 within an article by widely distributed U.S. columnist Raymond Clapper. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:¹

Some New Dealers suspect that the captains of industry who are now singing belated hallelujahs to Mr. Roosevelt are practicing what the Japanese call “duck diplomacy.”

Duck diplomacy in Japan means that you float along placidly on the surface, but underneath you are paddling like the dickens with your feet.

Based on current evidence the simile originated in Japan, and the creator remains anonymous. A variant expression refers to a swan instead of a duck. Here is an overview with dates:

1934 Nov: Diplomacy in Japan – duck – float along placidly on the surface, but underneath you are paddling like the dickens with your feet

1935 Oct: Politicians – duck – appear to be sitting calmly on the water, inactive, but underneath they are paddling like the dickens

1938 May: International policy of Japan – duck – unruffled above water, but paddling like the devil below it

1939 Jun: Japanese politicians – duck – calm on the surface, but paddling like the deuce below

1955 Jun: Bing Crosby – duck – keep calm and unruffled on the surface but paddle like the devil underneath

1956 Feb: Harrods department store – duck – gliding over the surface with dignity and calm, but paddling like hell underneath

1973 Oct: School board – swan – unruffled, complacent on the surface, but paddling like the very dickens underneath

1976 May: Michael Caine on acting – duck – calm on the surface, but paddling like hell underneath

1983 Apr: Royal servant – swan – gliding on the lake . . . underneath, they’re paddling like crazy

Detailed citations are presented below.

Quote Origin: All Art Is Propaganda

Upton Sinclair? W. E. B. Du Bois? George Orwell? George Bernard Shaw? Ann Petry? Morris Edmund Speare? Richard Hunt? Ludwig Lewisohn? Edmund Wilson? Anonymous?

Illustration of two megaphones from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: Advocates often extoll their visions with strong-willed certainty. Insistent artists are accused of preaching and propagandizing. Yet, this criticism is sometimes provocatively embraced. Here are three assertions:

(1) All art is propaganda.
(2) All great art and literature is propaganda.
(3) All truly great art is propaganda.

This first adage has been attributed to muckraking U.S. activist Upton Sinclair, pioneering U.S. sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois, and influential English writer George Orwell. The second adage has been credited to Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. The third adage has been ascribed to U.S. novelist Ann Petry. I am having trouble tracing the provenance of these sayings. Would you please help me to find solid citations?

Reply from Quote Investigator: Upton Sinclair, W. E. B. Du Bois, and George Orwell did employ the first saying. Also, George Bernard Shaw and Ann Petry did use the second and third sayings, respectively. Detailed citations for this group are given further below. However, the origin of this family of statements is older.

The earliest match found by QI appeared in “The National Magazine: An Illustrated American Monthly” of Boston, Massachusetts in 1916. The periodical printed a letter from Richard Hunt who was a poet and poetry magazine editor. Hunt favored poetry that was uplifting and highlighted beauty and happiness. In the following passage the phrase “an Eastman kodak” referred to a photograph. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:¹

An Eastman kodak can show us the picture of a ragged child with starvation and joylessness on its face—and so can poetry. But poetry can do more; it can show the child’s soul as it leaps up laughing, free from the ugliness of poverty and the life that has no happiness. People have a right to be happy!

They have a right to everything which can make them happy. But how can they be happy till they see each other as poetry, instead of as an Eastman kodak sees them? Poetry, like all art, is propaganda; it keeps showing more and more people pictures of the part of them where their aspirations are.

I work with poetry because I feel that here is a thing which will eventually free me and all other people from the misery and oppression of ugliness.

Thus, Richard Hunt viewed poetry and all art as a vehicle for positive propaganda which would lead to the betterment of humankind.

A wide variety of people have used the saying under examination. Here is an overview with dates:

1916: Poet and editor Richard Hunt
1923: Professor of English Morris Edmund Speare
1924: Literary critic Ludwig Lewisohn
1925: Political activist Upton Sinclair
1926: Sociologist and activist W. E. B. Du Bois
1932: Poet and literary scholar William Ellery Leonard
1933: Playwright George Bernard Shaw (All great art and literature is propaganda)
1939: Novelist and essayist George Orwell
1950: Novelist and journalist Ann Petry (All truly great art is propaganda)

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Quote Origin: If Life Gives You Lemons, Make Lemonade

Elbert Hubbard? Dale Carnegie? Julius Rosenwald? Robert M. Hutchins? Anonymous?

Illustration of a sliced lemon from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: In the early 1900s the slang expression “handed a lemon” emerged. It referred to experiencing a setback or failure. The term “lemon” meant something which was bad, undesirable, or sub-standard. A humorous expression evolved as a counterpoint. Here are two versions:

(1) If you are handed a lemon then just make lemonade.
(2) When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.

This notion has been attributed to U.S. aphorist Elbert Hubbard and to U.S self-help author Dale Carnegie. However, I have been unable to find a solid citation. Would you please explore the provenance of this saying?

Reply from Quote Investigator: Both Elbert Hubbard and Dale Carnegie did employ statements in this family of sayings, but neither originated the family. The earliest instances located by QI were anonymous. Here is an overview with dates:

1907 May: And if you get a lemon, why just make the lemonade. (Anonymous)

1907 Dec: An optimist is now defined as a man who can make lemonade out of all the lemons handed him. (Anonymous)

1908 Jun: If life hands you a lemon, adjust your rose colored glasses and start to selling pink lemonade. (Anonymous)

1908 Jul: He is a great man who accepts the lemons that Fate passes out to him and uses them to start a lemonade stand. (Elbert Hubbard)

1944 May: When life hands you a lemon, add some sugar and make lemonade. (Attributed to Elbert Hubbard)

1948: When you have a lemon, make a lemonade. (Attributed to Julius Rosenwald by Dale Carnegie)

1971 Oct: When Life Gives You Lemons, Make Lemonade. (Bumper Sticker)

Below are details for selected citations in chronological order.

Quote Origin: Basically Dogs Think Humans Are Nuts

John Steinbeck? Charley? Apocryphal?

Picture of an inquisitive poodle from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: A U.S. novelist who won a Nobel Prize in Literature apparently once said that “dogs think humans are nuts”, and occasionally dogs display a look of “amazed contempt”. These thoughts have been attributed to John Steinbeck. Would you please help me to find a citation?

Reply from Quote Investigator: In 1960 John Steinbeck took a long road trip around the United States in a camper truck with a poodle named Charley. In 1962 he described his experiences in a book titled “Travels with Charley: In Search of America”. He made the following comparison between Charley and humans:¹

He doesn’t belong to a species clever enough to split the atom but not clever enough to live in peace with itself.

Steinbeck also made this remark about dogs in the same passage. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:

I’ve seen a look in dogs’ eyes, a quickly vanishing look of amazed contempt, and I am convinced that basically dogs think humans are nuts.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Quote Origin: There Is No Bad Weather, Only Inappropriate Clothing

Elisabeth Woodbridge? Charlotte V. Gulick? Ranulph Fiennes? Alfred Wainwright? Anonymous?

Silhouette of a person in golden sunlight from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: With the proper clothing a person is capable of adapting to almost any type of weather. Here is an adage reflecting this attitude:

There is no bad weather, only bad clothing.

Would you please explore the provenance of this saying?

Reply from Quote Investigator: This maxim is difficult to trace because it can be expressed in many ways. The earliest match known to QI appeared in an 1874 letter from German poet and novelist Berthold Auerbach who attributed the saying to German politician Heinrich Simon. An excerpt appears below followed by one possible translation into English. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:¹

„Es gibt kein schlechtes Wetter, es gibt nur gute Kleider,“ hat der im Wallensee ertrunkene großgesinnte Heinrich Simon im Sprichwort gehabt und das gilt auch mir.

“There is no such thing as bad weather, there are only good clothes,” said the great-minded Heinrich Simon, who drowned in Lake Walen, and the same applies to me.

This above instance employed the phrase “good clothes” instead of “bad clothes”. The adage encouraged readers to wear carefully selected clothing attuned to the weather.

Here is an overview with dates

Precursor 1830: There is no such thing in nature as bad weather (John Wilson)

1874: Es gibt kein schlechtes Wetter, es gibt nur gute Kleider (Attributed to Heinrich Simon) Translation: There is no such thing as bad weather, there are only good clothes

1875: Es gibt eigentlich kein schlechtes Wetter, sondern nur gute Kleider (Attributed to Bogumil Goltz) Translation: There is actually no such thing as bad weather, only good clothes.

Variant 1883: There was no such thing as bad weather, but only different kinds of pleasant weather (John Ruskin)

1911: There is no such thing as bad weather, there is only good clothes (Anonymous attribution by Elisabeth Woodbridge)

1915: There is no such thing as bad weather if one is dressed properly (Charlotte V. Gulick of Camp Fire Girls)

1935: There is no such thing as bad weather, only bad dressing for the weather. (Anonymous attribution by Helen Johnson Keyes)

1941: There is no bad weather, only bad clothes (Anonymous attribution in Vogue)

1960: There is no such thing as bad weather, only bad clothes (Anonymous attribution by Duchess of Windsor)

1962: There’s no bad weather, only unsuitable clothing (Margot Benary-Isbert)

1974: There is no bad weather for bikes, only bad clothing (Attributed to Swedes)

1977: There is no such thing as bad weather—only inadequate clothing (Comical attribution to Freud in Punch)

1978: There is no inclement weather, only inappropriate clothing (Anonymous attribution in Wisconsin State Journal)

1985: There’s no such thing as bad weather, only the wrong clothing (Anonymous in Cruising World)

2006: There is no such thing as bad weather, only inappropriate clothing (Attribution to Ranulph Fiennes)

2009: There’s no such thing as bad weather, only unsuitable clothing (Attribution to Alfred Wainwright)

Below are selected citations with details in chronological order.

Quote Origin: No Such Thing As Bad Weather, But Only Different Kinds of Pleasant Weather

John Ruskin? Ettrick Shepherd? Christopher North? John Wilson? Elisabeth Woodbridge? George Gissing? John Lubbock? Anonymous?

**Public domain drawing of Aiguille de Blaitière by John Ruskin**

Question for Quote Investigator: Cold, wet, and windy weather is often considered unsatisfactory, but several thinkers contend that there is no such thing as bad weather. All weather is pleasant when examined from the appropriate perspective. Precipitation and fluctuating temperatures are required for the flourishing of plants and animals. Also, stormy weather is aesthetically pleasing to landscape painters.

This notion has been attributed to English writer and art critic John Ruskin, popular English novelist George Gissing, English banker and scientist John Lubbock, and University of Edinburgh Professor of Moral Philosophy John Wilson. Would you please explore this topic?

Reply from Quote Investigator: John Ruskin delivered this counter intuitive remark about pleasant weather during a lecture at the University of Oxford which was printed in “The Pall Mall Gazette” of London in 1883.

Ruskin praised an artwork by English painter Copley Fielding which depicted drovers working in the rain. Ruskin displayed the painting in the back parlor of his home, but a visitor criticized the picture. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:¹

“An undergraduate friend, fresh from Eastern travel, was staying with us, and came into the room to see the cause of our ravishment. He looked at the cheerless scene and remarked, ‘But, Ruskin, what is the use of painting such very bad weather?’ To which question I could only make the reply that there was no such thing as bad weather, but only different kinds of pleasant weather—some demanding, indeed, courage and patience for their enjoyment, but all of them fittest in their seasons—best for the hills, for the cattle, the drovers, my master and me!”

Ruskin continued with comments about other artists:

“The weather might be bad for Greek or Saracen, but for us these simple pictures of mountain mist were more precious than Titian’s blue skies or Angelico’s gold rings of Paradise.”

Interestingly, Ruskin was not the first person to assert the non-existence of bad weather as shown below.

Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.