Mark Twain? Josh Billings? Artemus Ward? Kin Hubbard? Will Rogers? Edwin Howard Armstrong? Anonymous?
It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.
The brilliant humorist Mark Twain receives credit, but I have been unable to find a solid citation. This quip is very popular. Would you please investigate?
Quote Investigator: Scholars at the Center for Mark Twain Studies of Elmira College have found no substantive evidence supporting the ascription to Mark Twain.[ref] Website: Center for Mark Twain Studies, Article title: The Apocryphal Twain: “Things We Know That Just Ain’t So.”, Article author: Matt Seybold, Date on website: October 6, 2016, Website description: Center dedicated to fostering and supporting scholarship and pedagogy related to all aspects of Mark Twain based at Elmira College in Elmira, New York. (Accessed marktwainstudies.com on November 18, 2018) link [/ref]
The observation has been attributed to several other prominent humorists including: Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Artemus Ward (pseudonym of Charles Farrar Browne), Kin Hubbard (pen name of Frank McKinney Hubbard), and Will Rogers. Yet, it is unlikely then any of them said it. The creator remains anonymous based on current evidence.
The saying is difficult to trace because it falls within an evolving family of remarks concerning faulty knowledge and memory. Three processes operate on members of the family to generate new members and ascriptions incrementally:
- Statements are rephrased over time.
- Statements are hybridized together to produce new statements.
- Attributions are shifted from one prominent humorist to another.
The family contains some comments with genuine ascriptions. For example, in 1874 a compendium of wit and humor from Josh Billings was published. The work employed dialectal spelling which causes headaches for modern researchers who are attempting to find matches using standard spelling. The following pertinent item appeared in a section labeled “Affurisms”, i.e., “Aphorisms”. Emphasis added to excerpts by QI:[ref] 1874, Everybody’s Friend, Or; Josh Billing’s Encyclopedia and Proverbial Philosophy of Wit and Humor, Section: Affurisms: Sollum Thoughts, Quote Page 286, American Publishing Company, Hartford, Connecticut. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
I honestly beleave it iz better tew know nothing than two know what ain’t so.
Here is the statement written with standard spelling:
I honestly believe it is better to know nothing than to know what ain’t so.
This remark partially matched the saying under investigation, and it acted as a seed in the evolving family of remarks.
Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.
Billings died in 1885, and in 1899 a religious orator whose words were recorded in the pages of “The Pacific Unitarian” reassigned a rephrased version of the saying from Billings to Twain:[ref] 1899 February, The Pacific Unitarian, Volume 7, Number 4, Address of Rev. Charles R. Brown, Start Page 118, Quote Page 119, Column 2, San Francisco, California. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
Perhaps, as Mark Twain observed, it is better not to know so much than to know so many things that aren’t so.
In 1900 “The Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette” printed a statement attributed to Billings with quotation marks surrounding only a segment. The full statement included the key word “trouble” which occurs in the target saying:[ref] 1900 October, The Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette, Volume 16, Number 10, Department of Notes and Queries, Start Page 641, Quote Page 643, The Gazette Publishing Company, New York. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
Upon reading the first item we are forcibly reminded of the pertinent and pithy remark of the lamented humorist, Josh Billings, that the trouble with a great many of us is “we know so many things that ain’t so.“
In 1909 an advertisement within a book called “A Drum’s Story” ascribed a remark to Twain about old men and memory that contained the key word “trouble”:[ref] 1909, A Drum’s Story: And Other Tales by Delavan S. Miller, (Advertising material for the author’s previous book: What Henry Haynie Has to Say in the Boston Times of D. S. Millers “Drum Taps in Dixie”), Star Page 231, Quote Page 231, Hungerford-Holbrook Company, Watertown, New York. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
Mark Twain once said that “the trouble with old men is they remember so many things that ain’t so,” but this book of war reminiscences is different from most of Twain’s reminiscences.
In 1911 the well-known author G. K. Chesterton implausibly ascribed to humorist Artemus Ward who died in 1867 a statement that partially matched the target:[ref] 1911 October 14, The Illustrated London News, Our Notebook by G. K. Chesterton, Start Page 615, Quote Page 615, The International News Company, New York. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
One of the two or three wisest sayings uttered on this ancient earth was the remark of Artemus Ward, “It ain’t so much men’s ignorance that does the harm as their knowing so many things that ain’t so.”
Twain died in 1910, and his friend Albert Bigelow Paine published a multi-volume biography of the luminary in 1912. Paine presented two quotations from Twain that partially matched the saying being explored:[ref] 1912, Mark Twain: A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens by Albert Bigelow Paine, Volume 3 of 4, Chapter 239: Working With Mark Twain, Quote Page 1269, Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York. (Verified with scans)[/ref]
“When I was younger I could remember anything, whether it happened or not; but I am getting old, and soon I shall remember only the latter.”
At another time he paraphrased one of Josh Billings’s sayings in the remark: “It isn’t so astonishing, the number of things that I can remember, as the number of things I can remember that aren’t so.”
In 1913 “The Atlantic Monthly” credited Billings with the same statement that Chesterton ascribed to Artemus Ward in 1911:[ref] 1913 July, The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112, My Garden Beasts by Lucy Elliot Keeler, Start Page 134, Quote Page 140, Column 2, The Atlantic Monthly Company, Boston, Massachusetts. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
One of the wisest sayings uttered on this ancient earth was Josh Billings’s remark, ‘It ain’t so much men’s ignorance that does the harm as their knowing so many things that ain’t so.’
In 1915 “The Catholic World” attributed a similar statement to Billings:[ref] 1915 November, The Catholic World, Volume 102, Number 608, Some Chapters in the History of Feminine Education by James J. Walsh, M.D. Ph.D., Start Page 194, Quote Page 194, Published by the Paulist Fathers, The Office of the Catholic World, New York. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
. . . “It is not so much the ignorance of mankind,” Josh Billings said, “that makes them ridiculous, as the knowing so many things that ain’t so.”
In 1917 a military book titled “The Unwritten History of Braddock’s Field” included a chapter by George H. Lamb that credited Twain with a partial match containing the word “trouble”:[ref] 1917, The Unwritten History of Braddock’s Field (Pennsylvania), Prepared by the History Committee Under the Editorship of Geo. H. Lamb for the Celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Braddock, Conclusion by George H. Lamb, Start Page 311, Quote Page 311, Braddock, Pennsylvania. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
Members of the committee were reminded of Mark Twain’s dictum, that the trouble with reminiscences is not that people know too much, but that they know so many things that aren’t so.
In April 1917 “The Lyceum Magazine” printed another expression attributed to Twain about “old men” which contained the key word “trouble:[ref] 1917 April, The Lyceum Magazine, Volume 26, Number 11, Dr. Conwell’s Talks With Platform Workers by Russell H. Conwell (Honorary President I.L.A.), Quote Page 26, Column 2, Chicago, Illinois. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
Mark Twain used to say that “the trouble with old men’s memories is that they remember so many things that ain’t so.” Since I heard him say that several times I have been careful not to state anything unusual lest my friends should think that Mark Twain’s arraignment is true in my case.
In 1921 a piece in “The Country Gentleman” printed a saying ascribed to Billings:[ref] 1921 April 16, The Country Gentleman, Where Ignorance Is Mis-: Misrepresentation and Misunderstanding Befuddle Our Tax Laws by Harry R. O’Brien, Start Page 13, Quote Page 13, Column 1, The Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
It ain’t so much people’s ignorance that does the harm as their knowing so darned much that ain’t so.—JOSH BILLINGS.
In 1923 B. C. Forbes founder of “Forbes” magazine wrote about a speech delivered by Francis H. Sisson, vice-president of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York:[ref] 1923 February 10, The Buffalo Evening Times, Finance and Business by B. C. Forbes, Quote Page 11, Column 1, Buffalo, New York. (Newspapers_com)[/ref]
Last evening Mr. Sisson talked to a large gathering of Iowa editors. His theme was the oft-quoted observation of Josh Billings that “the trouble with the American people is not so much their ignorance as the tremendous number of things they know that ain’t so.”
In 1931 the “Ithaca Journal-News” of Ithaca, New York printed an expression attributed to Billings that was semantically close to the target saying:[ref] 1931 July 6, Ithaca Journal-News, “Things Which Ain’t So” By William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings , Quote Page 4, Column 4, Ithaca, New York. (Newspapers_com)[/ref]
It ain’t what a man don’t know-that makes him a fool; it’s the awful sight of things he knows’ that ain’t so. Josh Billings said something of that sort, and Josh Billings knew what he was talking about.
In 1943 U.S radio engineer and inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong gave testimony to the U.S. Senate. He employed a version of the expression, but he credited Josh Billings:[ref] 1944, Hearings Before the Committee On Interstate Commerce, United States Senate, Seventy-Eight Congress, First Session, S.814, Bill To Amend the Communications Act of 1934, Date: December 6, 1943, Quote Page 679, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
Dr. ARMSTRONG. Invention is going ahead in the face of the established rules of scientific knowledge, and in showing that it either does not apply or it is being wrongly applied. As Josh Billings has said: “It isn’t ignorance that causes the trouble in this world; it is the things that folks know that ain’t so.” [Laughter]
In 1947 the “Janesville Daily Gazette” printed a close syntactic and semantic match ascribed to Twain:[ref] 1947 May 21, Janesville Daily Gazette, Editorial Panorama, (Filler item), Quote Page 6, Column 2, Janesville, Wisconsin. (Newspapers_com)[/ref]
It ain’t so much the things that people don’t know that makes trouble in this world, as it is the things that people know that ain’t so. — Mark Twain.
In 1958 the character Abe Martin received credit for a saying within this family. Cartoonist Kin Hubbard was the creator of Abe Martin:[ref] 1958 March 5, San Francisco Examiner, Health for Today: Facts Distorted Into Fads by W. W. Bauer M.D. (Director of Health Education American Medical Association), Section 2, Quote Page 2, Column 4, San Francisco, California. (Newspapers_com)[/ref]
Abe Martin’s definition of ignorance was “not so much what a person don’t know, as what he knows that ain’t so.” And he is certainly correct.
In June 1964 the “Boston Traveler” of Boston, Massachusetts credited Artemus Ward with a strong syntactic and semantic match:[ref] 1964 June 26, Boston Traveler, Family Finance: Statistics Can Be Twisted To Fool Unwary by Dick Miller, Quote Page 24, Column 3 and 4, Boston, Massachusetts. (GenealogyBank)[/ref]
Or, as Artemus Ward put it, “it ain’t so much the things we don’t know that get us into trouble. It’s the things we know that ain’t so.”
In November 1964 Ronald Reagan who later became the U.S. President delivered a speech on television that contained a pertinent instance without attribution:[ref] 1964 November 2, Ames Daily Tribune, (Political advertisement titled: Did You See Ronald Reagan’s TV Speech?), Quote Page 8, Column 4, Ames, Iowa. (Newspapers_com)[/ref]
Well, the trouble with our liberal friends is not that they are ignorant, but that they know so much that isn’t so!
In 1977 “Peter’s Quotations: Ideas for Our Time” by Laurence J. Peter credited Kin Hubbard with a version of the saying:[ref] 1977, “Peter’s Quotations: Ideas for Our Time” by Laurence J. Peter, Topic: Ignorance, Quote Page 260, William Morrow and Company, New York. (Verified with hardcopy)[/ref]
‘Tain’t what a man don’t know that hurts him; it’s what he knows that just ain’t so.
—Frank McKinney Hubbard (“Kin Hubbard”)
In 1978 “New York Magazine” printed an instance together with an unlikely ascription to funny man Will Rogers:[ref] 1978 July 10, New York Magazine, Volume 11, Number 28, True or False by Randy Cohen, Start Page 29, Quote Page 30, Published by New York Media, LLC. (Google Books Full View) link [/ref]
The trouble with most people, as Will Rogers observed, is not that they don’t know much but that they know so much that isn’t true.
In 1983 former U.S. Vice President Walter Mondale employed the saying while criticizing President Ronald Reagan. Mondale credited the words to Will Rogers:[ref] 1983 June 15, San Francisco Examiner, Demos rebut Reagan over school funds (Associated Press), Quote Page A5, Column 1, San Francisco, California. (Newspapers_com)[/ref]
“I keep quoting Will Rogers as saying of (former President Herbert) Hoover that it’s not what he doesn’t know that bothers me, it’s what he knows for sure that just ain’t so,” Mondale said.
In 2006 the Oscar-winning documentary about climate change titled “An Inconvenient Truth” displayed an instance of the saying and credited Mark Twain:[ref] Year: 2006, Movie: An Inconvenient Truth, Director: Davis Guggenheim, Studio: Paramount, Primary Narrator: Al Gore, Video Access: Amazon Prime Service, (Quotation starts at 7 minutes 45 seconds of 1 hour 36 minutes 34 seconds; text of quotation and attribution to Mark Twain are displayed in the video; quotation is spoken by Al Gore but attribution is not), Description; Documentary about the dangers of climate change. (Movie viewed via Amazon Prime by QI on November 19, 2018)[/ref]
What gets us into trouble
is not what we don’t know
It’s what we know for sure
that just ain’t so– Mark Twain
In conclusion, the target saying evolved incrementally over time. Instances have been attributed to a variety of humorists such as Mark Twain, Josh Billings, Artemus Ward, Kin Hubbard, and Will Rogers. However, there is no substantive evidence that the saying was crafted by one of these funny men. The ascription remains anonymous.
The 1874 quotation from Josh Billings: “I honestly beleave it iz better tew know nothing than two know what ain’t so” is further explored on this webpage.
The quotation from Mark Twain: “When I was younger I could remember anything, whether it happened or not; but I am getting old, and soon I shall remember only the latter” is further explored on this webpage.
Image Notes: Public domain picture of Josh Billings (Henry Wheeler Shaw) from the Harvard Theatre Collection. Public domain picture of Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) by Abdullah Frères circa 1867 from the Library of Congress. Public domain picture of Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Brown) from the Harvard Theatre Collection. Images accessed via Wikimedia Commons. Images have been resized, retouched, and cropped.
Acknowledgement: Great thanks to Tom Beeler, Stephen Dorfman, Francis Neelon, Marcos Tatijewski, Simon Lancaster, Dick Plotz, Lane Greene, and George Dinwiddie whose inquiries led QI to formulate this question and perform this exploration. Special thanks to fellow researchers Matt Seybold, Suzy Platt, Ralph Keyes, Fred R. Shapiro, Nigel Rees, and Barry Popik who have explored quotations in this family. Additional thanks to Lane Greene who pointed to the 1964 statement of Ronald Reagan and Dick Plotz who pointed to Walter Mondale’s 1983 statement. Also, thanks to Steve Chervitz Trutane who highlighted a typo. Thanks to Don Peters who told QI that Edwin Howard Armstrong had received credit for a version of the expression.
Update History: On November 23, 2018 the November 1964 and the June 1983 citations were added. On July 30, 2023 the 1943 citation was added to the article.