Quote Origin: You Will Find the Key To Success Under Your Alarm Clock

Benjamin Franklin? Apocryphal? Anonymous?

Picture of an alarm clock from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: Achieving success in life requires simple skills such as showing up for work on time. The following saying is pertinent:

You will find the key to success under the alarm clock.

This statement has been attributed to U.S. statesman Benjamin Franklin. However, I am skeptical because I have never seen a solid citation. Also, Franklin died in 1790, and mass produced alarm clocks only became popular in the 1800s. Would you please explore the provenance of this saying?

Reply from Quote Investigator: QI has found no substantive evidence that Benjamin Franklin used this expression. The earliest match found by QI appeared as a filler item in “The Nebraska Ironmonger” of Lincoln, Nebraska in 1922. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:1

Note to Discouraged: You will find the key to success under your alarm clock.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: You Will Find the Key To Success Under Your Alarm Clock”

Quote Origin: There Is No Point in Using Exact Methods Where There Is No Clarity in the Concepts and Issues To Which They Are To Be Applied

John von Neumann? Oskar Morgenstern? W. Edwards Deming? Michael A. Jackson? Apocryphal?

Picture of calipers from Pixabay

Question for Quote Investigator: The brilliant polymath John von Neumann performed pioneering research in game theory, computer science, quantum physics, and other areas. His work was so original that he required the formulation of important new definitions. The following two similar remarks have been credited to him:

(1) There is no point in using exact methods where there is no clarity in the concepts and issues to which they are to be applied.

(2) There is no sense in being precise when you don’t know what you are talking about.

I am having difficulty finding supporting citations. Did John von Neumann actually say or write either of these statements?

Reply from Quote Investigator: In 1944 John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern published the trailblazing book “Theory of Games and Economic Behavior” which contained the following passage. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:1

To begin with, the economic problems were not formulated clearly and are often stated in such vague terms as to make mathematical treatment a priori appear hopeless because it is quite uncertain what the problems really are. There is no point in using exact methods where there is no clarity in the concepts and issues to which they are to be applied. Consequently the initial task is to clarify the knowledge of the matter by further careful descriptive work.

Thus, von Neumann and Morgenstern should receive credit for the first statement given above. However, QI conjectures that the second statement is an informal paraphrase of the second statement, and it should be credited to neither von Neumann nor Morgenstern.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: There Is No Point in Using Exact Methods Where There Is No Clarity in the Concepts and Issues To Which They Are To Be Applied”

Quote Origin: The Trees Voted for the Axe Because the Axe Handle Was Made of Wood

Talmudic Proverb? Turkish Proverb? Kimberly Joyce Pollock? Wafula Chebukati? Anonymous?

Picture of an axe buried in a tree truck from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: A popular allegory suggests that people are unable to distinguish between allies and adversaries:

The forest was shrinking, but the trees kept voting for the axe. The axe was clever and convinced the trees that since his handle was made of wood, he was one of them.

Would you please explore the provenance of this tale.

Reply from Quote Investigator: This metaphorical framework has a long history. A pertinent proverb was circulating in the 17th century. The Reverend J. Ray published “A Collection of English Proverbs” in 1678 in Cambridge, England. A section of Hebrew proverbs titled “Adagia Hebraica” contained the following, Boldface added to excerpts by QI:1

The axe goes to the wood, from whence it borrowed its helve:

The “helve” is the handle. This saying criticizes individuals who injure their own people or who injure those who have given them power.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: The Trees Voted for the Axe Because the Axe Handle Was Made of Wood”

Quote Origin: To Stand Up For the Truth Is Nothing! For Truth You Have To Sit In Jail!

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn? Anatoly Ilyich Fastenko? Alexander Pushkin? Apocryphal?

Picture of barbed wire together with a daisy from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: A political activist once indicated that standing up for the truth was nothing, whereas sitting in jail for the truth reflected genuine commitment. I do not recall the precise phrasing.

This notion has been attributed to Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, but I have been unable to find a citation. Would you please help me?

Reply from Quote Investigator: The English edition of “The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation” by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was published in 1974. Solzhenitsyn presented a portrait of the prison system of the Soviet Union. Solzhenitsyn described the viewpoint of his fellow prisoner Anatoly Ilyich Fastenko. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:1

Fastenko, on the other hand, was the most cheerful person in the cell, even though, in view of his age, he was the only one who could not count on surviving and returning to freedom.

Flinging an arm around my shoulders, he would say:

To stand up for the truth is nothing!
For truth you have to sit in jail!

Or else he taught me to sing this song from Tsarist hard-labor days:

And if we have to perish
In mines and prisons wet,
Our cause will ever find renown
In future generations yet.

And I believe this! May these pages help his faith come true!

Thus, Solzhenitsyn helped to popularize this saying, but it was spoken by Fastenko who had been imprisoned by the Tsar’s police and later by the communists.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: To Stand Up For the Truth Is Nothing! For Truth You Have To Sit In Jail!”

Quote Origin: People Will Only Work Fifteen Hours a Week In the Future

John Maynard Keynes? Bertrand Russell? Herman Kahn? Apocryphal?

Picture of two clock faces from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: The ongoing developments in artificial intelligence and robotics remind me of a remark attributed to the famous English economist John Maynard Keynes. Apparently, he predicted that technological advancements would allow society to adapt a fifteen-hour work week. Would you please help me to find a citation?

Reply from Quote Investigator: In 1930 John Maynard Keynes published an essay titled “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren” in “The Nation and Athenaeum”. He predicted a massive increase in the standard of living during the upcoming century due to progress in science and engineering:1

I would predict that the standard of life in progressive countries one hundred years hence will be between four and eight times as high as it is to-day.

Keynes believed that society would decrease the length of the average work week in response to these advances. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:2

For many ages to come the old Adam will be so strong in us that everybody will need to do some work if he is to be contented. We shall do more things for ourselves than is usual with the rich to-day, only too glad to have small duties and tasks and routines. But beyond this, we shall endeavour to spread the bread thin on the butter—to make what work there is still to be done to be as widely shared as possible.

Three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week may put off the problem for a great while. For three hours a day is quite enough to satisfy the old Adam in most of us!

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: People Will Only Work Fifteen Hours a Week In the Future”

Quote Origin: It Takes Twenty Years To Become an Overnight Success

Eddie Cantor? Hedda Hopper? Milton Berle? Johnny Desmond? Army Archerd? Anonymous?

Picture of the famous Hollywood sign from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: Years of hard work performed in obscurity are usually required before achieving fame. A humorously contradictory saying reflects this viewpoint. Here are three versions:

(1) It took me five years to become an overnight success.
(2) It took her ten years to become an overnight sensation.
(3) It takes twenty years to make an overnight success

This saying has been attributed to U.S. comedian Eddie Cantor and U.S. newspaper columnist Hedda Hopper. Yet, I have not been able to find a solid citation. Would you please explore the provenance of this remark?

Reply from Quote Investigator: The earliest strong match located by QI appeared in the gossip column of Hedda Hopper in November 1945. Hopper specified an anonymous attribution. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:1

Who was it said Hollywood is the place where it takes five years to become an overnight success?

Hedda Hopper was a significant popularizer of this comical saying, but the creator remains unknown. Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: It Takes Twenty Years To Become an Overnight Success”

Quote Origin: Even If You Are On the Right Track You Will Get Run Over If You Just Sit There

Mark Twain? Will Rogers? Tom Sims? Arthur Godfrey? Anonymous?

Picture of tree-lined pathway from Unsplash

Question for Quote Investigator: You must stay active and alert to have a fulfilling life. Two famous U.S. humorists, Mark Twain and Will Rogers, have been credited with the following remark:

Even if you’re on the right track, you’ll get run over if you just sit there.

Yet, I have been unable to find any solid citations pointing to either Twain or Rogers. Would you please explore the provenance of this saying?

Reply from Quote Investigator: QI has found no substantive evidence supporting the attributions to Mark Twain and Will Rogers. The earliest citations which credit them appeared many years after their deaths.

The earliest match found by QI occurred in March 1925 within a syndicated column titled “Tom Sims Says” which  was printed in newspapers such as “The Sheboygan Press” of Wisconsin1 and “The Indianapolis Times” of Indiana.2 The column contained miscellaneous jokes and observations. Here were three items. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:

The straight and narrow path is plenty wide for its traffic.

Even if you are on the right track you will get run over if you just sit there.

Love is blind. But there is always some friend who thinks he is an eye doctor.

Based on this evidence QI believes Tom Sims is the most likely creator of this quip.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: Even If You Are On the Right Track You Will Get Run Over If You Just Sit There”

Quote Origin: The Most Common Form of Despair Is Not Being Who You Are

Søren Kierkegaard? Carl Rogers? John Rowan? Howard Sasportas? Walter Lowrie? Anonymous?

Illustration representing confusion about self-identity from Pixabay

Question for Quote Investigator: Unhappy people often feel compelled to wear a social mask and to live inauthentic lives. Danish theologian and existentialist philosopher Søren Kierkegaard has been credited with the following remark:

The most common form of despair is not being who you are.

I have been unable to find a citation and have become skeptical of this attribution. Would you please explore the provenance of this statement?

Reply from Quote Investigator: QI believes that this statement evolved over time from passages written by Søren Kierkegaard in his 1849 book “Sygdommen til Døden” (“The Sickness unto Death”). An English translation by Walter Lowrie was published in 1941. Kierkegaard discussed despair extensively in the book. The following sentences contained the central idea of the quotation although the expression was somewhat convoluted. Boldface added to excerpt s by QI:1

A despairing man wants despairingly to be himself. But if he despairingly wants to be himself, he will not want to get rid of himself. Yes, so it seems; but if one inspects more closely, one perceives that after all the contradiction is the same. That self which he despairingly wills to be is a self which he is not (for to will to be that self which one truly is, is indeed the opposite of despair); what he really wills is to tear his self away from the Power which constituted it.

The central idea was also expressed in the following passage:2

This form of despair is: in despair at not willing to be oneself; or still lower, in despair at not willing to be a self; or lowest of all, in despair at willing to be another than himself.

In 1956 the influential U.S. psychologist Carl Rogers published an article in the journal “Pastoral Psychology”. Rogers wrote a paraphrase of the viewpoint expressed by Søren Kierkegaard:3

In this connection I have been astonished to find how accurately the Danish philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard, pictured the dilemma of the individual more than a century ago, with keen psychological insight. He points out that the most common despair is to be in despair at not choosing, or willing, to be one’s self; but that the deepest form of despair is to choose “to be another than himself.” On the other hand “to will to be that self which one truly is, is indeed the opposite of despair,” and this choice is the deepest responsibility of man.

This text was further paraphrased to yield the popular modern expression as indicated further below.

Continue reading “Quote Origin: The Most Common Form of Despair Is Not Being Who You Are”

Quote Origin: You’re an Idiot If You’re Not Writing for the AIs

Tyler Cowen? Dwarkesh Patel? Apocryphal?

Public domain image of two robots reading

Question for Quote Investigator: Several newspapers including “The New York Times”, “The Chicago Tribune”, and “The Orlando Sentinel” have sued OpenAI and Microsoft. The newspapers have claimed that the companies trained their artificial intelligence (AI) systems on millions of copyrighted articles without permission.1

This protectiveness is understandable, but the influential economist Tyler Cowen has expressed a provocative counterpoint. Apparently, Cowen said the following:

You’re an idiot if you’re not writing for the AIs.

Would you please help me to find a citation?

Reply from Quote Investigator: Podcaster Dwarkesh Patel interviewed Professor of Economics Tyler Cowen of George Mason University in October 2024. The video was uploaded to YouTube in January 2025. Patel mentioned that he had used the Claude AI system to help him prepare for the interview. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:2

Dwarkesh Patel: When I was preparing to interview you, I asked Claude to take your persona, and compared to other people I tried this with, it actually works really well with you.

Tyler Cowen: Because I’ve written a lot on the internet. 

Dwarkesh Patel: Yeah. That’s why.

Tyler Cowen: This is my immortality, right?

Dwarkesh Patel: That’s right.

Thus, Cowen suggested that the processing of written words by an AI system provides a type of enduring cybernetic life. Later in the interview he said the following:3

Tyler Cowen: No one is writing or recording for the AIs very much. But if you believe even a modest version of this progress. Like I’m modest in what I believe relative to you and many of you. You should be doing this. You’re an idiot if you’re not writing for the AIs. They’re a big part of your audience, and their purchasing power, we’ll see but, over time it will accumulate.

In conclusion, Tyler Cowen deserves credit for this quotation which he spoke during an interview with Dwarkesh Patel in October 2024.

Image Notes: Public domain fanciful picture of two robots reading.

  1. 2024 April 30, The New York Times (Online), 8 Daily Newspapers Sue OpenAI and Microsoft Over A.I. by Katie Robertson, New York, New York. (ProQuest) link ↩︎
  2. YouTube video, Title: Tyler Cowen – The #1 Bottleneck to AI Progress is Humans, Uploaded on January 9, 2025, Uploaded by: Dwarkesh Patel, (Quotation starts at 34 minutes 45 seconds of 60 minutes 33 seconds) (Accessed on youtube.com on January 22, 2025) link ↩︎
  3. YouTube video, Title: Tyler Cowen – The #1 Bottleneck to AI Progress is Humans, Uploaded on January 9, 2025, Uploaded by: Dwarkesh Patel, (Quotation starts at 35 minutes 50 seconds of 60 minutes 33 seconds) (Accessed on youtube.com on January 22, 2025) link ↩︎

Quote Origin: Keep Your Eye On the Doughnut, Not the Hole

David Lynch? Margaret Atwood? Jacob Riis? Grant E. Hamilton? Wendy Wasserstein? Anonymous?

1908 cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton from Judge magazine

Question for Quote Investigator: The following saying encourages an optimistic focus on what matters in life:

Keep your eye on the doughnut, not the hole.

The influential U.S. movie director David Lynch and the prominent Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood have both employed this expression, but I think it predates them. Would you please explore this topic?

Reply from Quote Investigator: In 1999 “The Toronto Star” published an interview with David Lynch during which he spoke a version of the saying. Boldface added to excerpts by QI:1

“You have to fall in love and do what you love and then take what comes after that, which you can’t control anyway.

“That way, if things don’t work out after, you at least feel you’ve been true to yourself. Keep your eye on the doughnut, rather than the hole.”

The saying has a long history, and the phrasing has evolved over time. The seed of the expression appeared as a four-line verse titled “Their Points of View” published in “The Sun” newspaper of New York in April 1904:2

’Twixt optimist and pessimist
The difference is droll;
The optimist the doughnut sees—
The pessimist the hole.

In July 1907, journalist and activist Jacob Riis delivered an address before the National Education Association, and he repeated the four-line verse. His commentary included a partial match for the quotation. He used the word “keep”:3

“Keep your eye on the doughnut, and let there be no pessimist in an editorial chair. If I ever find one I shall recommend Roosevelt’s prescription for the useless student: ‘The man ought to have his head knocked off.’

In November 1907, Jacob Riis addressed the students at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He spoke again about doughnuts and holes:4

The speaker averred that he was considerable of an optimist. The pessimist sees only the hole in the center of the doughnut, but the optimist sees the doughnut itself. Keep your eyes on the doughnuts. Keep your eyes on the tangible and there will be plenty of encouragement to go ahead.

In February 1908, the first strong match located by QI appeared in the caption of a one-panel cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton published in “Judge” magazine. The cartoon depicted three human figures and a doughnut. The figures represented Uncle Sam, Capital, and Labor. The caption presented the remark delivered by Uncle Sam to the other two figures:5

DON’T LOOK AT THE HOLE, KEEP YOUR EYE ON THE DOUGHNUT.

The doughnut represented prosperity with the emblazoned phrases “Big Crops” and “Natural Resources”. However, the hole represented gloom with the phrase “Business Depression”.

In March 1908, the cartoon was mentioned in newspapers such as the “Boston Evening Transcript” of Massachusetts:6

Some of the speakers found their text in the cartoon, reproduced from Judge, showing a huge doughnut, with the words: “Don’t look at the hole; keep your eyes on the doughnut.” This cartoon, in colored print, accompanied the bills of fare.

Also in March 1908, the cartoon was reprinted in other journals such as the “The Literary Digest”7 and “Leslie’s Weekly” of New York.8

In June 1908, a close match to the modern saying appeared in an item published in “The Home Missionary” of New York”. The attribution was anonymous:9

A prosperity association is touring the country in the interests of hopefulness in business matters. Their emblem is that most toothsome of New England products, the doughnut, and under the picture is the motto, “Keep your eye on the doughnut, and not on the hole.” — Dr. Richards.

Also in June 1908, “The Daily Missoulian” of Montana printed the following as a filler item:10

Keep your eye on the doughnut;
don’t worry about the hole.

In December, the “Daily Kennebec Journal” of Augusta, Maine published an article containing the following version of the saying:11

Keep your eye on the doughnut, never mind the hole.

In May 1924, “The Pearl City News” of Illinois printed the following verse:12

As you ramble on thru life, Brother.
Whatever be your goal.
Keep your eye upon the doughnut.
And not upon the hole.

In 1959, the “Wheeling Herald” of Illinois printed the following close match using “one’s” instead of “your”:13

The trite comment about it being a wise goal to keep one’s eye on the donut and not on the hole is proving especially true …

In 1974, the “Encyclopedia of Graffiti” contained the following item:14

OPTIMISM

As you ramble on through life, brother
Whatever be your goal
Keep your eye on the doughnut
Not upon the hole.

(Men’s room, Market Diner, New York City—a traditional wall inscription)

In 1996, an entry in “The International Thesaurus of Quotations” credited a U.S. playwright with a variant:15

As I ramble through life, whatever be my goal, I will unfortunately always keep my eye upon the doughnut and not upon the whole.
WENDY WASSERSTEIN, “To Live and Diet,” Bachelor Girls (1990)

In November 1999, “The Toronto Star” of Canada printed an interview with David Lynch during which he used the expression as mentioned at the beginning of this article:16

“That way, if things don’t work out after, you at least feel you’ve been true to yourself. Keep your eye on the doughnut, rather than the hole.”

In December 1999, a journalist with the “Evening Standard” of London, England spoke to David Lynch and reported the following comment from the auteur:17

 “There’s the doughnut and there is the hole and you have got to keep your eye on the doughnut and not the hole. There are so many things that happen outside the film-making process that are not under your control. And they do funny things to you and can interrupt the mechanism”.

In 2000 Margaret Atwood published the novel “The Blind Assassin”, and she included an instance of the 1924 four-line verse:18

What came back to me then was the sign that used to be in the window of the Downyflake Doughnut stand, at the Sunnyside Amusement Park, in — what was it? – the summer of 1935:

As you ramble on through life. Brother,
Whatever be your goal,
Keep your eye upon the doughnut.
And not upon the hole.

A paradox, the doughnut hole. Empty space, once, but now they’ve learned to market even that.

In 2001, the “Daily News” attributed the saying to Lynch:19

David Lynch has a favorite expression — words to live by, if you will — that he delivers with complete sincerity: “Keep your eye on the doughnut and not on the hole.” The hole is all the distractions that come from being David Lynch, the director …

In conclusion, this saying evolved over time. In April 1904, the seed of the expression appeared in a four-line verse published in “The Sun” newspaper. In February 1908, a match appeared in the caption of a cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton published in “Judge” magazine. In June 1908, a close match to the modern saying appeared in “The Home Missionary”.

Image Notes: Reprint of the doughnut cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton from “The Literary Digest” on March 7, 1908. The original cartoon appeared in “Judge” magazine on February 22, 1908. The available scan from “The Literary Digest” was more legible than the scan from “Judge”.

Acknowledgement: Great thanks to Edward Banatt whose inquiry led QI to formulate this question and perform this exploration. Also, thanks to “The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs” compiled by Charles Clay Doyle, Wolfgang Mieder, and Fred R. Shapiro which contains an entry for this saying. The first citation was the June 1908 issue of “The Home Missionary”. In addition, thanks to researcher Barry Popik who has a webpage about “‘Keep Your Eye Upon the Donut’  (Optimist’s Creed)” which lists the 1904 citation in “The Sun” together with an August 14, 1924 citation for the four-line verse and other helpful citations.

  1. 1999 November 27, The Saturday Star (The Toronto Star), Director’s really mild at heart by Peter Howell (Movie Critic), Quote Page J3, Column 1, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  2. 1904 April 15, The Sun, Their Points of View, Quote Page 6, Column 5, New York, New York. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  3. 1907 July 24, The Redwood Gazette, Jacob Riis, Optimist, Quote Page 2, Column 3, Redwood Falls, Minnesota. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  4. 1907 November 7, The Grand Forks Daily Herald, Jacob Riis At The University, Quote Page 6, Column 3, Grand Forks, North Dakota. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  5. 1908 February 22, Judge, Volume 54, Number 1375, Cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton, Caption: Don’t Look At the Hole, Keep Your Eye On the Doughnut, Quote Page 7 and 8, Judge Company, New York. (Internet Archive Full View) link ↩︎
  6. 1908 March 4, Boston Evening Transcript, Dinner Was Well Planned, Quote Page 5, Column 6, Boston, Massachusetts. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  7. 1908 March 7, The Literary Digest, Topics In Brief, Cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton, Caption: Don’t Look At the Hole, Keep Your Eye On the Doughnut, Cartoon reprinted from Judge magazine, Quote Page 326, Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York. (Google Books Gull View) link ↩︎
  8. 1908 March 19, Leslie’s Weekly, Speakers and a Cartoon That Stirred Boston Banqueters, Quote Page 272, Published by The Judge Company, New York. (Google Books Full View) link ↩︎
  9. 1908 June, The Home Missionary, Volume 82, Number 3, Splinters from Speeches, Quote Page 472, Column 1, Congregational Home Missionary Society, New York. (Internet Archive Full View) link ↩︎
  10. 1908 June 7, The Daily Missoulian, (Filler item), Quote Page 6, Column 3, Missoula, Montana. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  11. 1921 December 22, Daily Kennebec Journal, The Hole Or the Doughnut?, Quote Page 6, Column 2, Augusta, Maine. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  12. 1924 May 8,  The Pearl City News, General News, Quote Page 1, Column 4, Pearl City, Illinois. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  13. 1959 December 24, Wheeling Herald, Long Grove Residents Plan Candlelight Carol Service by Emma Keiler, Quote Page 6, Column 4 and 5, Wheeling, Illinois. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  14. 1980 (Copyright 1974), Encyclopedia of Graffiti, Collected by Robert Reisner and Lorraine Wechsler, Section: Optimism, Quote Page 258, (Reprint of 1974 edition from Macmillan, New York), Galahad Books, New York. (Verified on paper) ↩︎
  15. 1996, The International Thesaurus of Quotations, Compiled by Eugene Ehrlich and Marshall DeBruhl, (Revised and Updated), Topic: Eating, Quote Page 180, Column 2, HarperResource: HarperCollins, New York. (Verified on paper) ↩︎
  16. 1999 November 27, The Saturday Star (The Toronto Star), Director’s really mild at heart by Peter Howell (Movie Critic), Quote Page J3, Column 1, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  17. 1999 December 1, Evening Standard, Wizard of Weird: Interview of David Lynch by Andrew Billen, (Continuation title: ‘You’ve got to keep your eye on the doughnut, not the hole’), Start Page 29, Quote Page 30, Column 4, London, England. (Newspapers_com) ↩︎
  18. 2000, The Blind Assassin by Margaret Atwood, Chapter: The eggshell hat, Quote Page 310, Nan A. Talese: An Imprint of Doubleday: A Division of Random House, New York. (Verified with scans) ↩︎
  19. 2001 October 7, Daily News, The view from ‘Mulholland Drive’, Section: Showtime, Quote Page 4, Column 1, New York, New York. (Newspapers_com) link ↩︎